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This is a very thorough
explanation of what is required to set up an aquarium for African cichlids.
In this article I cover the tank, water requirements, temperature, water
changes, filtration, substrates, decorations, feeding, and controlling
cichlid aggression.
Choosing the Right Size Tank
Often, the size of the tank is not the optional factor, but rather, hobbyists
are forced to ask, what will work in my already existing tank? Well, there
are too many fish out there to go species by species, but in general, I
recommend a 55 gallon tank as the minimal size. This is the same as a 200
Liter tank. Smaller tanks will work for some dwarf species, Tanganyikan
Shell-Dwellers, and Victorian Hap’s, but even for these, I would not go under
35 gallons unless you are willing to house just one or two of these fish.
Many species require an aquarium aquascaped with lots of rock. Once you get
the rock in your tank, you have lost much of the available swimming space and
available oxygen. Plus, a smaller tank will heighten aggression, because
there is less territory to claim.
In general, the larger tank the better. The more water you have, the more
stable their aquatic environment will be. The temperature will not fluctuate
as much, nitrates will not build up as quickly, and there will be more
swimming space available. Also, if you put your hands in the tank, and by
accident have some toxic chemical on them, it will be less likely to harm the
fish due to the dilution factor. But not all large tanks are created equal.
Aquariums that are long and skiny, allowing a large water-to-air interface
are best because they permit a greater amount of water oxygenation. If this
value ever gets too low, your fishes's health will quickly become
compromised.
pH Levels
pH is a measure of the acidity or alkalinity of the water, or in other words,
the availability or unavailability of Hydrogen ions. What does this mean for
your fish? Well, African Cichlids enjoy alkaline water conditions (i.e., pH
above 7.0). pH levels vary depending upon the lake. The ranges for the three
East African lakes are as follows:
Lake Malawi..................7.4 - 8.6
Lake Tanganyika............7.8 - 9.0
Lake Victoria.................7.2 - 8.6
These values are approximate ranges. In nature, the pH levels will vary
somewhat as the levels of the lakes will rise and fall through the years,
making them either less salty or more salty. In the aquarium, African
cichlids can adapt to wide ranges of pH. What you need to be mindful of is to
not make any rapid adjustments to the pH level. Such a careless or unknowing
act will severely shock your fish, suppressing their immune system, making
them more susceptible to disease. Keeping in mind all that I have said, I
recommend keeping African Cichlids at a stable pH of 8.2 - 8.4. Fish from all
three appreciate pH levels within this range. Cichlids from West African or
the rivers and streams of East African require water that is more neutral -
pH 7.0.
The water from these lakes is very hard, containing
many dissolved minerals and salts, such as Carbonate and Magnesium. If you
live in an area with hard water, you may count yourself very lucky. But for
those who do not, there are many easy measures you may take to make your
water more alkaline and "hard." Crushed coral sand, shells,
limestone, and other rocks such as slate are good at pushing the pH of the
water up into the alkaline range by adding Phosphates and Calcium to the
water. These alone will typically only drive the pH to 7.6, which is
suitable, but not ideal. Remember that Africans can adapt to a wide range of
alkaline levels. If after using these measures, you still want to raise your
pH, there are many commercial Cichlid buffers on the market. Several manufacturers
also offer Cichlid Salts and Trace Elements, which try to simulate the exact
salt and mineral conditions of the rift lakes, in addition to raising the pH.
If your tap water has chloramines, you will need to use a conditioner
(dechlorinator) to remove them. Many of these are good; however, I like use
AmQuel because I can buy it by the gallon. But, that’s because I go through a
lot of it as I do water changes on the scale of 100 gallons a week between my
three tanks. A gallon lasts me a little over a year.
You should also be aware that ammonia can be much more stressful to your
fishes at a high pH, such as African cichlids require. At a pH of 8.0, for
example, the ammonia in your aquarium is effectively ten times more toxic
than at a pH of 7.0. That is because the ammonia is in the NH3 form at a
higher pH (instead of NH4+), which is more toxic.
Temperature
The optimal temperature is 76 - 80°F. I keep my tank at a constant 78°F. I
never have to worry about my temperature fluctuating, be it winter or summer.
This is in part due to the very large water to air ratio (which helps to cool
it off), and more importantly, three submersible pumps (which heat the water
slightly). I don’t use heaters on my fry or grow-out tank, and so the temp is
naturally a little lower (76°F), however, I know of people who aim for temperatures
of 80°F or even 82°F with their fry tanks. This brings me to my next point.
High temperatures will increase a fish’s metabolism, boost their immune
response, as well as stimulate aggression. So, by raising the temperature to
80°F for a fry tank, one would speed up their metabolism, causing them to eat
more and grow faster, but also require more water changes. Conversely, you
could lower the temperature in your tank as a means of stemming aggression.
This can be helpful if you have some really nasty fish on your hands (e.g., Melanochromis
auratus, Metriaclima lombardoi "Kenyi"). This is due to
the fact that the number one cause of aggression among Cichlids is
food-related. If they are not feeling a need to eat as often (because their
metabolism has slowed), then they are less likely to be territorial and
feisty.
Water Changes
No matter how good your filter is, you will eventually need to do water
changes, although filters certainly help in keeping the water quality in good
shpae for a longer period of time. Because African cichlid setups usually
lack plants, and are "crowded" (more on this below), the water
quality can quickly deteriorate. Experts suggest that 10-20% water changes
every week are best. And then, if you go every other week, double that. I
will admit, I am a little on the excessive side, but that’s because I have
heavily stock some of my tanks, which I feed several times a day. With most
setups, it is also important to vacuum the gravel. The reason for vacuuming is because waste can
build up in the gravel, and anaerobic pockets can form, leading to a
suboptimal condition because your aerobic bacteria can't get to it. Vacuuming
these spots will prevent this situation.
Filtration
There are so many different types of filters, not to mention all the
variations on a filtration system one could devise with these. Because there
are so many types, brands, and setups, I won’t discuss specifics here (for
the most part). Instead, I want to talk about a few generalities.
If you have a small tank (i.e., 10-35 gallon), then a simple hang on the back
filter will work just fine. You want the gallons per hour (gph) flow to be 4
- 6 times the volume of your tank. So if you have a 20-gallon tank, you will
want a filter that cycles 80 - 120 gph. If you have a larger tank, you will
need a more sophisticated filtering system, mostly because many
"hang-on-the-back" filters aren’t adequate and can’t meet the gph
requirements. AquaClear and Emperor power filters are exceptions.
I have never used an undergravel filter, but almost everyone I have spoken
with has at some point switched from these to some other form of filtration.
I am not saying you shouldn’t use one, but here are a couple of reasons why I
would discourage you from using one: First, African cichlids are diggers in
the full sense of the word. Undergravel filters require that they be covered
with your substrate (e.g., gravel) to be effective. Well, African cichlids
don’t cooperate. I have seen undergravel filters made 30% bare within a few
hours and these tanks had a good 4" of substrate! Second, they require a
lot of attention because they can get dirty very quickly. They pull the water
down through the gravel, trapping any fecal wastes in the gravel; therefore,
frequent water changes with mandatory vacuuming, are required. You don’t want
to miss more than two weeks or you’ll find algae and fungus growing on your
gravel. I have found that a system that works the opposite works well, with
currents rising upward, and then water off the top gets filtered.
I recommend submersible pumps with sponges. These are good because they grab
waste, provide an additional niche for beneficial denitrifying bacteria, and
when mature, can become a backyard garden on which algae can grow and the
cichlids can harvest. I also like them because they are placed at the bottom
of the tank, where most of the waste is deposited or accumulates. Outside
power filters with biological wheels and or sponges with carbon are also a
good choice. Whatever you choose, it’s a good idea to clean out the impeller
shaft, the impeller, and the sponge every few weeks. Otherwise, the flow rate
will slow, sponges will get clogged, and your filter will stop doing its job.
Substrate
There are several options. Gravel, sand, crushed coral, even crushed marble
or granite. There are also all sorts of color one could select for their
substrate.
A very popular substrate is crushed coral gravel or coral aragonite sand. I
have used these for years and really like them for several reasons. First and
foremost, I like the way it looks. It’s very white and clean. I also like the
occasional shells my Cichlids dig up. Second, the coral slowly dissolves and
thereby increases the hardness of the water. My water is already hard (GH
14), but it helps to stabilize my pH and the hardness of the water. Hard
water, if left alone and tested a week or so later, would show a decrease in
its hardness. This is because minerals, which make the water hard, don’t stay
suspended for very long. Unless you use buffer, have rocks in your tank, or
use crushed coral, water changes are necessary not only to reduce nitrates,
but also to restore the pH and hardness of your water. I have read claims
that crushed coral irritates the gills of cichlids, but have yet to see any
conclusive data affirming this.
Dolomite (crushed limestone) is also used specifically as a buffer, but it
does not dissolve as well as coral, and is not as desirable for that reason.
It may also contain copper and other miscellaneous metals found in limestone.
I use limestone for decoration, but use NovAqua and AmQuel to remove the
copper and other toxic metals that may potentially be present.
Peacocks and many of the Tanganyikans prefer sand. You can keep them with
gravel, but will be missing out on many of their unique, endearing behaviors.
You can either purchase sand from your LFS or you could acquire regular sand
from a pool and spa retailer, as they use sand as a filtering substrate. If
you get silica sand, be sure it's 99% quartz. The reason for this is because
a friend of mine used to use silica and he frequently had algae blooms of diatoms,
who's outer shell is made of silica. He was convinced that the sand led to an
excessive amount of dissolved silica in the water, which enabled the
unicellular algae bloom. When he replaced the substrate with crushed coral
sand (which is Calcium Carbonate based) the problem disappeared.
Some people prefer black substrates while other prefer white, and some even
mix the two. Depending upon the fish, some look best against a dark
substrate, while others do not. If a fish is kept over a dark sand, for
example, it will darken up, in an effort to blend in with its environment.
Any black markings will be more obvious. The opposite is true for the same
fish kept over a light-colored substrate. So, pick your substrate (when
possible) based upon the fish you plan to keep.
Because most African Cichlids are diggers and can rearrange your tank quicker
than you can reset it, I recommend using at least 2" of substrate in
your tank. This is equivalent to 1 pound of gravel or 2 pounds of sand for
every gallon of water. .
Decorations
Decorations is perhaps the second most important point to consider when
setting up an African Rift Lake aquarium. You should decorate your tank with
lots of rock to provide caves and hiding places for your cichlids. Aggressive
fish usually claim a territory. I have noticed that by providing them with
lots of caves, dominant fish claim less territory. Egg layers absolutely need
a cave to spawn and then to guard the eggs. Mouthbrooders tend to have less
of a need for a permanent territory, but they still like to have a place
(particularly, a flat rock) they can claim and on which to spawn.
There are lots of options here. I use holey rock (a.k.a. honeycomb
limestone), which has dozens of tunnels through it. At night, many of my fish
will sleep in these holes. I have seen many people use clay flowerpots;
either turned on their side or turned upside down and given a hole. I don’t
like the unnatural color or look these give, but do what you will
like. Some people even disguise these by gluing sand, gravel, or rocks to the
pots. Most often people will just stack limestone or some other rock with
slate, creating layers with caves between.
Rocks I would recommend include limestone, slate, petrified wood, lava,
granite, tufa, "pagoda," and "lace rock." Before you put
these rocks in your tank, be sure to clean them with bleach. And then be sure
as heck to rinse that bleach off before you put it in your tank with the
fish. The sniff test works for me: if I can smell it, I know it’s still got
bleach on it. I have purchased limestone that was purportedly
"clean." When I got to cleaning it, I found all kinds of dirt and
roots in some of the holes of my limestone. I was glad that I took the extra
precaution.
There is one thing that you should keep in mind when doing a little
rock-hunting for your aquarium, that is that some rocks contain a large metal
content that will leak into the water. These heavy metals include iron, lead,
and copper. Heavy metal poisoning is always fatal to fish and it
usually doesn’t have any warning symptoms. To avoid using any rocks that have
metal content in them, there is an easy way to check them. Simply look for
any veins with a metallic color, such as a rusty iron orange, and add lemon
juice or vinegar. If you observe any fizzling then this rock will leak metal
into your tank. This rock is best left where you found it. Double check this
test using a magnet as vinegar is a weak acid and won't react with heavy
metals.
Because of the immense weight of your rocks, especially if they are stacked,
you should consider how they are placed in your tank. This is especially
important because your cichlids will dig and could undermine a rock
formation that could come tumbling down. To prevent such a disaster, glue
rock formations together with silicone. Some people use egg crates on the
very bottom of their tanks, before laying gravel. This prevents a rock from
applying pressure to a single point on the glass, which could lead to crack.
In addition to silicone, there is a product called AquaStik®. It is an epoxy
putty that is non-toxic and is made specifically for aquariums. It even cures
underwater. Just knead the two compounds together and then use it to secure
your rocks together, just like gum. It cures rock-hard in 24 hours. It is
made by Two Little Fishies, Inc. out of Florida.
I recently read about a clever trick, which would prevent any of the above
catastrophes. This ingenious aquarist used pumice stone, which is an inert
volcanic rock that floats. It is also soft and very porous. To prepare the
pumice, he boils it in a large pot, holding them under with a heavy piece of
granite or basalt. After 10 minutes or so, he removes the pumice and drops it
into a bucket of cold water, and again weights it down. Once the pumice
cools, it will now sink like a feather through the air. How does this prevent
toppling or possible cracking? Well, with ever so light rocks, you can pile
these up high in the tank without having to worry about their pressure on the
glass. And their rough surface helps hold them together. They have two other
advantages. Their porous interior provides yet another niche for denitrifying
bacteria to live. You could easily drill pumice with a two-inch bit if you
wanted to create tunnels or caves.
African cichlids and live plants are often a "no-win" combination.
Most plants have a tough time growing in very alkaline water because of the
high levels of Magnesium. Besides, many cichlids do a good job of trimming
down plants. Still, live plants can be kept if you know what you're doing.
Either way, live or fake plants will provide yet another niche or territory
for a fish to claim or hide in.
There are a few species of plants that they don’t seem to like and that are
well adapted to their alkaline water. These include Java Fern, Vallisneria
sp., and the Anubias family: A. barteri, A. congicus, A.
gigante, A. gracilis, A. heterophylla, and A. nana.
If you decide to take a stab at growing these plants in your tank, be aware
that mbuna are terribly adept at digging up plants. For this reason, you
should plant your plants in pots. Some plants can also take up too much
swimming space for Haps and Mouthbrooders in general.
I discourage the use of driftwood in any African Rift Lake setup. It can
lower the pH of your water and stain the water yellow with tanic acid.
Feeding
There is a whole section on this Web site dedicated to just this topic alone,
so I won’t say much about feeding here. Briefly put, however, Africans do
extremely well if feed Spirulina flake, with an occasional treat of live or
frozen food. Never feed them more than they can consume in 2 minutes totalled
over an entire day, not 5 minutes! Cichlids have sensitive bowels and so food
should be selected and fed with care so as to prevent "Bloat."
Controlling Aggression
As I mentioned earlier in this lengthy article (hopefully you can remember
that long ago) that the primary reason for Cichlid aggression is driven by
food. You can control aggression by feeding your fish less, but more often.
They are territorial because they want to stake out their own backyard garden
from which to hunt and harvest. Conspecifics (i.e., similar looking fish) are
seen as a threat (because if they are similar, they will compete for the same
foods), and are chased off. Therefore, by having fish from a wide variety of
species you can cut down on intra-species aggression. I have read and heard
of several accounts of people keeping only Pseudotropheus demasoni.
The result was that a colony soon turned into a lone, victorious male. Also,
by giving your fish lots of room to swim, and lots of territories to claim
and caves to hide in, you can reduce inter-species aggression.
With few exceptions, males are the more aggressive, and they tend to rough
females not interested in mating. For this reason, almost everyone recommends
keeping at least 2 females per male of a given species (for polygamous
mouthbrooders only), that way his aggression and frustration are not received
by just one female. Instead, it gets distributed.
Also, by "crowding" your tank, you can distribute inter-species
aggression. Not just one fish is a target of abuse, and aggressors tend to
lose victims more easily when the tank is crowded. Just be sure that you
"over filter" your aquarium if you are going to "crowd"
it.
African cichlids are a highly rewarding fish to keep and breed. If you follow
these simple recommendations and tips, you'll soon be on your way to enjoying
those cichlids.
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